[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1515},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-postgres-constraints":3,"blog-all-for-related":1021},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"cardAlt":5,"categories":1006,"description":1009,"draft":1010,"extension":1011,"headerImage":1012,"keywords":1013,"meta":1014,"name":1015,"navigation":613,"path":1016,"seo":1017,"series":6,"stem":1018,"updated":6,"year":1019,"__hash__":1020},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fpostgres-constraints.md","Postgres Constraints",null,{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":995},"minimark",[10,14,26,29,991],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Constraints in postgres are set of rules which ensures that the stored data is correct. It prevents any invalid data getting introduced in your DB due to application logic or other reasons. They act as a line of defense for the database.",[11,15,16,17,21,22,25],{},"For example - you have an ",[18,19,20],"code",{},"age"," column in your table. You don't want age to be negative. So you'll add a ",[18,23,24],{},"CHECK"," constraint ensuring it is positive.",[11,27,28],{},"Constraints can be applied either for a particular column or for whole table at once. Let's explore various types of constraints available in Postgres.",[30,31,32,35,40,62,64,68,76,153,170,240,249,252,254,257,260,269,331,333,336,339,354,417,424,426,429,436,442,494,496,499,510,513,565,568,570,573,591,604,680,688,690,694,697,707,754,762,790,799,826,833],"ads",{},[33,34],"hr",{},[36,37,39],"h2",{"id":38},"types-of-constraints","Types Of Constraints",[41,42,43,47,50,53,56,59],"ol",{},[44,45,46],"li",{},"Primary Key Constraint",[44,48,49],{},"Foreign Key Constraint",[44,51,52],{},"Check Constraint",[44,54,55],{},"Unique Constraint",[44,57,58],{},"Not-null Constraint",[44,60,61],{},"Exclusion Constraint",[33,63],{},[65,66,46],"h3",{"id":67},"primary-key-constraint",[11,69,70,71,75],{},"PRIMARY KEY identifies each record in a database table uniquely i.e there cannot be two rows with primary column having the same value. There can be only ",[72,73,74],"strong",{},"one Primary Key"," in a table. (Although, there can be multiple UNIQUE constraints). These are generally used as foreign keys in other tables.",[77,78,83],"pre",{"className":79,"code":80,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"language-sql shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","CREATE TABLE users (\n    id int PRIMARY KEY,\n    name text,\n    age int,\n    wallet_amount float8\n);\n","sql","",[18,84,85,105,120,131,141,147],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,87,90,94,97,101],"span",{"class":88,"line":89},"line",1,[86,91,93],{"class":92},"szBVR","CREATE",[86,95,96],{"class":92}," TABLE",[86,98,100],{"class":99},"sScJk"," users",[86,102,104],{"class":103},"sVt8B"," (\n",[86,106,108,111,114,117],{"class":88,"line":107},2,[86,109,110],{"class":103},"    id ",[86,112,113],{"class":92},"int",[86,115,116],{"class":92}," PRIMARY KEY",[86,118,119],{"class":103},",\n",[86,121,123,126,129],{"class":88,"line":122},3,[86,124,125],{"class":92},"    name",[86,127,128],{"class":92}," text",[86,130,119],{"class":103},[86,132,134,137,139],{"class":88,"line":133},4,[86,135,136],{"class":103},"    age ",[86,138,113],{"class":92},[86,140,119],{"class":103},[86,142,144],{"class":88,"line":143},5,[86,145,146],{"class":103},"    wallet_amount float8\n",[86,148,150],{"class":88,"line":149},6,[86,151,152],{"class":103},");\n",[11,154,155,156,159,160,163,164,166,167],{},"Here we create the primary key on ",[18,157,158],{},"id",". So in ",[18,161,162],{},"users"," table each entry will have a different ID. Here we use a single column to specify the primary key, we can use multiple columns too for specifying primary key. The ",[18,165,158],{}," column will automatically become ",[18,168,169],{},"NOT NULL",[77,171,173],{"className":79,"code":172,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"CREATE TABLE users_multi (\n    name text,\n    address text,\n    age int,\n    wallet_amount float8\n    PRIMARY KEY (name, address)\n);\n",[18,174,175,186,194,203,211,215,235],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,176,177,179,181,184],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,178,93],{"class":92},[86,180,96],{"class":92},[86,182,183],{"class":99}," users_multi",[86,185,104],{"class":103},[86,187,188,190,192],{"class":88,"line":107},[86,189,125],{"class":92},[86,191,128],{"class":92},[86,193,119],{"class":103},[86,195,196,199,201],{"class":88,"line":122},[86,197,198],{"class":92},"    address",[86,200,128],{"class":92},[86,202,119],{"class":103},[86,204,205,207,209],{"class":88,"line":133},[86,206,136],{"class":103},[86,208,113],{"class":92},[86,210,119],{"class":103},[86,212,213],{"class":88,"line":143},[86,214,146],{"class":103},[86,216,217,220,223,226,229,232],{"class":88,"line":149},[86,218,219],{"class":92},"    PRIMARY KEY",[86,221,222],{"class":103}," (",[86,224,225],{"class":92},"name",[86,227,228],{"class":103},", ",[86,230,231],{"class":92},"address",[86,233,234],{"class":103},")\n",[86,236,238],{"class":88,"line":237},7,[86,239,152],{"class":103},[11,241,242,243,245,246,248],{},"Here we use ",[18,244,225],{}," and ",[18,247,231],{}," and use both these columns in combination as primary key.",[11,250,251],{},"In other words, primary key ensures a NOT NULL and UNIQUE constraint.",[33,253],{},[65,255,49],{"id":256},"foreign-key-constraint",[11,258,259],{},"Foreign key constraint specifies that the values present in one or more columns must match the values appearing in a row of another table. These are mostly used to create relationships between tables. This is a highly useful feature of relational databases that help in building complex Database systems.",[11,261,262,263,266,267],{},"Extending the example above and adding a ",[18,264,265],{},"comment"," table. Here, each comment must be made by some users. So we add a foreign key for user table pointing to ",[18,268,158],{},[77,270,272],{"className":79,"code":271,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"CREATE TABLE comment (\n    id int PRIMARY KEY,\n    user_id int REFERENCES users(id),\n    comment_text text,\n    upvotes int,\n);\n",[18,273,274,285,295,308,318,327],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,275,276,278,280,283],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,277,93],{"class":92},[86,279,96],{"class":92},[86,281,282],{"class":99}," comment",[86,284,104],{"class":103},[86,286,287,289,291,293],{"class":88,"line":107},[86,288,110],{"class":103},[86,290,113],{"class":92},[86,292,116],{"class":92},[86,294,119],{"class":103},[86,296,297,300,302,305],{"class":88,"line":122},[86,298,299],{"class":103},"    user_id ",[86,301,113],{"class":92},[86,303,304],{"class":92}," REFERENCES",[86,306,307],{"class":103}," users(id),\n",[86,309,310,313,316],{"class":88,"line":133},[86,311,312],{"class":103},"    comment_text ",[86,314,315],{"class":92},"text",[86,317,119],{"class":103},[86,319,320,323,325],{"class":88,"line":143},[86,321,322],{"class":103},"    upvotes ",[86,324,113],{"class":92},[86,326,119],{"class":103},[86,328,329],{"class":88,"line":149},[86,330,152],{"class":103},[33,332],{},[65,334,52],{"id":335},"check-constraint",[11,337,338],{},"In this you basically specify some condition which gives a boolean result. Based on the result -",[340,341,342,348],"ul",{},[44,343,344,347],{},[18,345,346],{},"true"," then is inserted in the table.",[44,349,350,353],{},[18,351,352],{},"false"," then value is not inserted.",[77,355,357],{"className":79,"code":356,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"CREATE TABLE users (\n    id int PRIMARY KEY,\n    name text,\n    age int CHECK(age > 0),\n    wallet_amount float8\n);\n",[18,358,359,369,379,387,409,413],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,360,361,363,365,367],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,362,93],{"class":92},[86,364,96],{"class":92},[86,366,100],{"class":99},[86,368,104],{"class":103},[86,370,371,373,375,377],{"class":88,"line":107},[86,372,110],{"class":103},[86,374,113],{"class":92},[86,376,116],{"class":92},[86,378,119],{"class":103},[86,380,381,383,385],{"class":88,"line":122},[86,382,125],{"class":92},[86,384,128],{"class":92},[86,386,119],{"class":103},[86,388,389,391,393,396,399,402,406],{"class":88,"line":133},[86,390,136],{"class":103},[86,392,113],{"class":92},[86,394,395],{"class":92}," CHECK",[86,397,398],{"class":103},"(age ",[86,400,401],{"class":92},">",[86,403,405],{"class":404},"sj4cs"," 0",[86,407,408],{"class":103},"),\n",[86,410,411],{"class":88,"line":143},[86,412,146],{"class":103},[86,414,415],{"class":88,"line":149},[86,416,152],{"class":103},[11,418,419,420,423],{},"In the example query above - we add a check constraint on age where ",[72,421,422],{},"age should be greater than 0"," for a value to be inserted in the table.",[33,425],{},[65,427,55],{"id":428},"unique-constraint",[11,430,431,432,435],{},"As the name suggests, ",[18,433,434],{},"UNIQUE"," prevents duplicate entries on a particular column(s).",[11,437,438,439,441],{},"In the example below, we create a user table with a unique constraint on ",[18,440,225],{}," column. We want to avoid duplicate names in our database.",[77,443,445],{"className":79,"code":444,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"CREATE TABLE users (\n    id int PRIMARY KEY,\n    name text UNIQUE,\n    age int,\n    wallet_amount float8\n);\n",[18,446,447,457,467,478,486,490],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,448,449,451,453,455],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,450,93],{"class":92},[86,452,96],{"class":92},[86,454,100],{"class":99},[86,456,104],{"class":103},[86,458,459,461,463,465],{"class":88,"line":107},[86,460,110],{"class":103},[86,462,113],{"class":92},[86,464,116],{"class":92},[86,466,119],{"class":103},[86,468,469,471,473,476],{"class":88,"line":122},[86,470,125],{"class":92},[86,472,128],{"class":92},[86,474,475],{"class":92}," UNIQUE",[86,477,119],{"class":103},[86,479,480,482,484],{"class":88,"line":133},[86,481,136],{"class":103},[86,483,113],{"class":92},[86,485,119],{"class":103},[86,487,488],{"class":88,"line":143},[86,489,146],{"class":103},[86,491,492],{"class":88,"line":149},[86,493,152],{"class":103},[33,495],{},[65,497,58],{"id":498},"not-null-constraint",[11,500,501,502,505,506,509],{},"A ",[18,503,504],{},"Not-null"," constraint allows you to specify that a column’s value cannot be ",[18,507,508],{},"null",". We need to specify if we don't want null values since by default columns can have null values.",[11,511,512],{},"Continuing the example, let's add a Not-null constraint on the name column specifying that if name is not provided, then the value will not be inserted in the table.",[77,514,516],{"className":79,"code":515,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"CREATE TABLE users (\n    id int PRIMARY KEY,\n    name text NOT NULL,\n    age int,\n    wallet_amount float8\n);\n",[18,517,518,528,538,549,557,561],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,519,520,522,524,526],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,521,93],{"class":92},[86,523,96],{"class":92},[86,525,100],{"class":99},[86,527,104],{"class":103},[86,529,530,532,534,536],{"class":88,"line":107},[86,531,110],{"class":103},[86,533,113],{"class":92},[86,535,116],{"class":92},[86,537,119],{"class":103},[86,539,540,542,544,547],{"class":88,"line":122},[86,541,125],{"class":92},[86,543,128],{"class":92},[86,545,546],{"class":92}," NOT NULL",[86,548,119],{"class":103},[86,550,551,553,555],{"class":88,"line":133},[86,552,136],{"class":103},[86,554,113],{"class":92},[86,556,119],{"class":103},[86,558,559],{"class":88,"line":143},[86,560,146],{"class":103},[86,562,563],{"class":88,"line":149},[86,564,152],{"class":103},[11,566,567],{},"This is one of the most commonly used constraints.",[33,569],{},[65,571,61],{"id":572},"exclusion-constraint",[11,574,575,578,579,582,583,590],{},[18,576,577],{},"EXCLUDE"," constraint evaluates a comparison of two rows in the table and ensures that values are not inserted if the condition specified evaluates to false. This constraint is monitored using an index. ",[18,580,581],{},"gist"," is a common index. You can read more about it ",[584,585,589],"a",{"href":586,"rel":587},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.postgresql.org\u002Fdocs\u002Fcurrent\u002Findexes-types.html",[588],"nofollow","here",".",[11,592,593,594,596,597,599,600,603],{},"Example - We add an exclusion constraint on ",[18,595,225],{}," such that no two values of ",[18,598,225],{}," overlap each other. Here ",[18,601,602],{},"&&"," is an operator which must not return true for any pair of rows.",[77,605,607],{"className":79,"code":606,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"\nCREATE TABLE users (\n    id int PRIMARY KEY,\n    name text,\n    age int,\n    wallet_amount float8,\n    EXCLUDE USING GIST (name WITH &&)\n);\n",[18,608,609,615,625,635,643,651,656,675],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,610,611],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,612,614],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":613},true,"\n",[86,616,617,619,621,623],{"class":88,"line":107},[86,618,93],{"class":92},[86,620,96],{"class":92},[86,622,100],{"class":99},[86,624,104],{"class":103},[86,626,627,629,631,633],{"class":88,"line":122},[86,628,110],{"class":103},[86,630,113],{"class":92},[86,632,116],{"class":92},[86,634,119],{"class":103},[86,636,637,639,641],{"class":88,"line":133},[86,638,125],{"class":92},[86,640,128],{"class":92},[86,642,119],{"class":103},[86,644,645,647,649],{"class":88,"line":143},[86,646,136],{"class":103},[86,648,113],{"class":92},[86,650,119],{"class":103},[86,652,653],{"class":88,"line":149},[86,654,655],{"class":103},"    wallet_amount float8,\n",[86,657,658,661,664,667,669,672],{"class":88,"line":237},[86,659,660],{"class":103},"    EXCLUDE ",[86,662,663],{"class":92},"USING",[86,665,666],{"class":103}," GIST (",[86,668,225],{"class":92},[86,670,671],{"class":92}," WITH",[86,673,674],{"class":103}," &&)\n",[86,676,678],{"class":88,"line":677},8,[86,679,152],{"class":103},[11,681,682,683,590],{},"There is a good explanation regarding exclusion constraint on ",[584,684,687],{"href":685,"rel":686},"https:\u002F\u002Fstackoverflow.com\u002Fquestions\u002F51247063\u002Fwhat-does-exclusion-constraint-exclude-using-gist-c-with-mean",[588],"stackoverflow",[33,689],{},[36,691,693],{"id":692},"adding-constraints","Adding constraints",[11,695,696],{},"Now that we know about types of constraints, let's see how to add them. In the previous section, we covered how to add constraints when creating tables. But, what if you need to add constraints later?",[11,698,699,700,703,704,706],{},"For adding constraints later - we can use ",[18,701,702],{},"ALTER TABLE"," to modify columns and add constraints to them. Suppose we create a ",[18,705,162],{}," table without any constraints.",[77,708,710],{"className":79,"code":709,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"CREATE TABLE users (\n    id int,\n    name text,\n    age int,\n    wallet_amount float8\n);\n",[18,711,712,722,730,738,746,750],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,713,714,716,718,720],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,715,93],{"class":92},[86,717,96],{"class":92},[86,719,100],{"class":99},[86,721,104],{"class":103},[86,723,724,726,728],{"class":88,"line":107},[86,725,110],{"class":103},[86,727,113],{"class":92},[86,729,119],{"class":103},[86,731,732,734,736],{"class":88,"line":122},[86,733,125],{"class":92},[86,735,128],{"class":92},[86,737,119],{"class":103},[86,739,740,742,744],{"class":88,"line":133},[86,741,136],{"class":103},[86,743,113],{"class":92},[86,745,119],{"class":103},[86,747,748],{"class":88,"line":143},[86,749,146],{"class":103},[86,751,752],{"class":88,"line":149},[86,753,152],{"class":103},[11,755,756,757,759,760],{},"Now, we will add a ",[18,758,169],{}," constraint on ",[18,761,225],{},[77,763,765],{"className":79,"code":764,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"ALTER TABLE users ALTER name SET NOT NULL;\n",[18,766,767],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,768,769,772,774,777,779,782,785,787],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,770,771],{"class":92},"ALTER",[86,773,96],{"class":92},[86,775,776],{"class":103}," users ",[86,778,771],{"class":92},[86,780,781],{"class":92}," name",[86,783,784],{"class":92}," SET",[86,786,546],{"class":92},[86,788,789],{"class":103},";\n",[11,791,792,793,795,796,798],{},"Let's add a ",[18,794,434],{}," constraint to ",[18,797,158],{}," column",[77,800,802],{"className":79,"code":801,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"ALTER TABLE users ADD CONSTRAINT unique_user_id UNIQUE (id);\n",[18,803,804],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,805,806,808,810,812,815,818,821,823],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,807,771],{"class":92},[86,809,96],{"class":92},[86,811,776],{"class":103},[86,813,814],{"class":92},"ADD",[86,816,817],{"class":92}," CONSTRAINT",[86,819,820],{"class":103}," unique_user_id ",[86,822,434],{"class":92},[86,824,825],{"class":103}," (id);\n",[11,827,828,829,832],{},"Here, ",[18,830,831],{},"unique_user_id"," is the name of the constraint. This name can be used to remove constraints directly, let's see how in the next section.",[30,834,835,837,841,851,884,890,911,917,926,952,954,958,974,977,986],{},[33,836],{},[36,838,840],{"id":839},"removing-constraints","Removing constraints",[11,842,843,844,846,847,850],{},"Although this is rare, in case you want to remove certain constraints due to change in DB architecture and product requirements, you can use ",[18,845,702],{}," and simply ",[18,848,849],{},"DROP"," the constraints. But you need to know the name of the constraint.",[77,852,854],{"className":79,"code":853,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"ALTER TABLE \u003Cyour_table_name> DROP CONSTRAINT \u003Cconstraint_name>;\n",[18,855,856],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,857,858,860,862,865,868,870,873,875,877,880,882],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,859,771],{"class":92},[86,861,96],{"class":92},[86,863,864],{"class":92}," \u003C",[86,866,867],{"class":103},"your_table_name",[86,869,401],{"class":92},[86,871,872],{"class":92}," DROP",[86,874,817],{"class":92},[86,876,864],{"class":92},[86,878,879],{"class":103},"constraint_name",[86,881,401],{"class":92},[86,883,789],{"class":103},[11,885,886,887,889],{},"So, if we want to remove ",[18,888,831],{}," constraint we added in previous section, we will run following query.",[77,891,893],{"className":79,"code":892,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"ALTER TABLE user DROP CONSTRAINT unique_user_id;\n",[18,894,895],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,896,897,899,901,904,906,908],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,898,771],{"class":92},[86,900,96],{"class":92},[86,902,903],{"class":103}," user ",[86,905,849],{"class":92},[86,907,817],{"class":92},[86,909,910],{"class":103}," unique_user_id;\n",[11,912,913,914,916],{},"In case you don't know the name you can remove constraints using ",[18,915,771],{}," on table and specific columns.",[11,918,919,920,922,923,925],{},"For example - If we want to remove ",[18,921,169],{}," constraint from ",[18,924,225],{}," then we can run -",[77,927,929],{"className":79,"code":928,"language":81,"meta":82,"style":82},"ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN name DROP NOT NULL;\n",[18,930,931],{"__ignoreMap":82},[86,932,933,935,937,939,941,944,946,948,950],{"class":88,"line":89},[86,934,771],{"class":92},[86,936,96],{"class":92},[86,938,776],{"class":103},[86,940,771],{"class":92},[86,942,943],{"class":103}," COLUMN ",[86,945,225],{"class":92},[86,947,872],{"class":92},[86,949,546],{"class":92},[86,951,789],{"class":103},[33,953],{},[36,955,957],{"id":956},"resources","Resources",[340,959,960,967],{},[44,961,962],{},[584,963,966],{"href":964,"rel":965},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.postgresql.org\u002Fdocs\u002F9.4\u002Fddl-constraints.html",[588],"Official Docs",[44,968,969],{},[584,970,973],{"href":971,"rel":972},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tutorialspoint.com\u002Fpostgresql\u002Fpostgresql_constraints.htm",[588],"Postgres constraints - Tutorials Point",[11,975,976],{},"I hope you are now ready to use constraints in your databases making them more reliable and secure. Feel free to suggest improvements ✔️",[11,978,979,980,985],{},"I share regular updates and resources on ",[584,981,984],{"href":982,"rel":983},"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fmkfeuhrer",[588],"Twitter",". Let's connect!",[11,987,988],{},[72,989,990],{},"Keep exploring 🔎 Keep learning 🚀",[992,993,994],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":82,"searchDepth":107,"depth":107,"links":996},[997,1005],{"id":38,"depth":107,"text":39,"children":998},[999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004],{"id":67,"depth":122,"text":46},{"id":256,"depth":122,"text":49},{"id":335,"depth":122,"text":52},{"id":428,"depth":122,"text":55},{"id":498,"depth":122,"text":58},{"id":572,"depth":122,"text":61},{"id":692,"depth":107,"text":693},[1007,1008],"Database","Programming","Constraints are line of defense for database. Explore various types of constrainsts in postgres",false,"md","blog\u002Fpostgres-constraints\u002Fpostgres-constraints-card.webp","postgres constraints, postgres unique constraint, not null postgres, postgres exclude constraint",{},"postgres-constraints","\u002Fblog\u002Fpostgres-constraints",{"title":5,"description":1009},"blog\u002Fpostgres-constraints","2020-11-07","oOqhA6DGPTcdYx3tuu3sLaeQyTlQneW1vBwEjsxvINg",[1022,1029,1036,1044,1053,1060,1067,1074,1080,1086,1092,1098,1104,1114,1120,1127,1134,1141,1147,1154,1160,1166,1172,1178,1184,1190,1196,1202,1209,1215,1221,1227,1233,1239,1245,1251,1257,1263,1269,1275,1281,1287,1293,1300,1306,1312,1318,1325,1331,1337,1344,1351,1357,1364,1370,1377,1383,1390,1396,1398,1404,1410,1416,1422,1428,1434,1440,1446,1452,1458,1465,1471,1478,1484,1490,1496,1503,1509],{"path":1023,"title":1024,"description":1025,"categories":1026,"draft":613,"year":1028,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fai-assisted-workstation","Building an AI-Assisted Personal Workstation","How I built a personal AI workstation: markdown knowledge base, portable agent skills, handoff-driven sessions. What worked, what broke, what I would change.",[1027,1008],"Productivity","2026-08-26",{"path":1030,"title":1031,"description":1032,"categories":1033,"draft":1010,"year":1035,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Faws-s3-golang","Uploading images to AWS S3 in Golang","In this tutorial I cover how to upload, fetch and manage other operations for objects on AWS S3 in Golang",[1034,1008],"Golang","2020-01-12",{"path":1037,"title":1038,"description":1039,"categories":1040,"draft":1010,"year":1043,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fbooks-for-engineers","Best Books for Software Engineers","Best Books to help you build you software engineering career - ranging from fundamentats, interview prep to productivity.",[1041,1042],"Books","Life","2021-12-26",{"path":1045,"title":1046,"description":1047,"categories":1048,"draft":1010,"year":1052,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fbuilding-acrons","Building Acrons 🚀","Building Acrons, a one-stop tool to decode everyday acronyms like DIY, FOMO, and BRB without losing your flow.",[1049,1050,1051],"Side Projects","Web","Tools","2020-05-26",{"path":1054,"title":1055,"description":1056,"categories":1057,"draft":1010,"year":1059,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fcap-theorem","CAP Theorem Explained","Learn the concept and misconceptions around popular CAP theorem in system design.",[1058,1008],"System Design","2021-07-26",{"path":1061,"title":1062,"description":1063,"categories":1064,"draft":1010,"year":1066,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fcode-reviews","Code Review Checklist","Why code reviews matter, and best practices that catch bugs early and keep code quality high before merge.",[1065],"Engineering Principles","2020-07-20",{"path":1068,"title":1069,"description":1070,"categories":1071,"draft":1010,"year":1073,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fdark-mode","Add Dark mode to websites","Dark mode is ❤️️ Add it to your websites with little CSS and JS",[1072,1050],"Javascript","2020-07-04",{"path":1075,"title":1076,"description":1077,"categories":1078,"draft":1010,"year":1079,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fdate-time-golang","Working with Date and Time in Go","Learn how to use time in Golang - Multiple formats, locations and using date.",[1034,1008],"2020-10-09",{"path":1081,"title":1082,"description":1083,"categories":1084,"draft":1010,"year":1085,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fdefer-in-golang","Understanding Defer In Golang","Learn about defer keyword in golang and how it can help you avoid panics due to bugs.",[1034,1008],"2021-05-05",{"path":1087,"title":1088,"description":1089,"categories":1090,"draft":1010,"year":1091,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fenums-golang","Implementing Enums in Golang","Enums are a way to defined set of constant values. Learn how to implement enums in Go using iota with examples.",[1034,1008],"2021-12-18",{"path":1093,"title":1094,"description":1095,"categories":1096,"draft":1010,"year":1097,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fenvironment-variable-golang","Guide to Environment variables in Go","Learn what are environment variables and how to use them in Go",[1034,1008],"2020-08-14",{"path":1099,"title":1100,"description":1101,"categories":1102,"draft":1010,"year":1103,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Ferror-handling-golang","Handle errors the right way — Golang","How to handle errors in golang to make your life easy",[1034,1008],"2020-01-30",{"path":1105,"title":1106,"description":1107,"categories":1108,"draft":613,"year":1111,"series":1112},"\u002Fblog\u002Ffile-attack-document-macros","File Attack Deep Dives, Part 3: Document Macros","How malicious VBA hides in vbaProject.bin, which AutoOpen entry points fire it, and the sandbox signals that catch it.",[1109,1110],"Security","Systems","2026-09-17",{"name":1113,"part":122},"File Attack Deep Dives",{"path":1115,"title":1116,"description":1117,"categories":1118,"draft":1010,"year":1028,"series":1119},"\u002Fblog\u002Ffile-attack-field-guide","How File-Based Attacks Land: A Detection Engineer's Field Guide","A practical taxonomy of how malware and phishing arrive as files, why classic controls miss them, and how detection should think.",[1109,1110],{"name":1113,"part":89},{"path":1121,"title":1122,"description":1123,"categories":1124,"draft":613,"year":1125,"series":1126},"\u002Fblog\u002Ffile-attack-html-smuggling","File Attack Deep Dives, Part 2: HTML Smuggling","How attackers assemble malware inside the browser with Blob URLs, and the URL and script tells that catch it.",[1109,1110],"2026-09-10",{"name":1113,"part":107},{"path":1128,"title":1129,"description":1130,"categories":1131,"draft":613,"year":1132,"series":1133},"\u002Fblog\u002Ffile-attack-lnk-iso","File Attack Deep Dives, Part 5: LNK and ISO Smuggling","How ISO containers and weaponized shortcuts bypass Mark of the Web, and the forensic fields that catch them.",[1109,1110],"2026-10-01",{"name":1113,"part":143},{"path":1135,"title":1136,"description":1137,"categories":1138,"draft":613,"year":1139,"series":1140},"\u002Fblog\u002Ffile-attack-pdf-url-actions","File Attack Deep Dives, Part 4: PDF URL Actions","How PDF OpenAction, Launch, and URI actions turn opening a document into a phishing click, and the action audit that catches them.",[1109,1110],"2026-09-24",{"name":1113,"part":133},{"path":1142,"title":1143,"description":1144,"categories":1145,"draft":1010,"year":1146,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Ffile-upload-golang","Uploading Files in Golang with Multipart Request","Learn how to upload files from your client to server as a multipart request in Golang.",[1034,1008],"2021-03-13",{"path":1148,"title":1149,"description":1150,"categories":1151,"draft":1010,"year":1153,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgit-branch","Git Branch 101","Branching is a new path of development that makes it a lot easier to build features. Learn why and how to use branching in git.",[1152,1008],"Git","2022-03-20",{"path":1155,"title":1156,"description":1157,"categories":1158,"draft":1010,"year":1159,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgit-pull-request-template","Guide to Pull Request Templates","Improve collaboration and code reviews with pull request templates. Blog include PR template and how to create one on github\u002Fgitlab",[1152,1008],"2023-08-24",{"path":1161,"title":1162,"description":1163,"categories":1164,"draft":1010,"year":1165,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgit-remove-sensitive-info","Securing Git: Remove Sensitive Information","Protect your code from security breaches by using BFG tool to remove sensitive information from Git history. Learn how to do it in this comprehensive guide.",[1152,1008],"2023-10-16",{"path":1167,"title":1168,"description":1169,"categories":1170,"draft":1010,"year":1171,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgit-tags-explained","Git tags : Explained","What Git tags are, why and when to use them, and how to start tagging releases in your own projects.",[1152,1008],"2020-06-18",{"path":1173,"title":1174,"description":1175,"categories":1176,"draft":1010,"year":1177,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgo-dependency-injection","Dependency Injection in Go using Wire","Learn about dependency injection, its benefits and how to implement it in Go services using wire",[1034,1008],"2022-11-26",{"path":1179,"title":1180,"description":1181,"categories":1182,"draft":1010,"year":1183,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgo-generics","Introduction to Generics in Go","Learn about generics in Golang, it's benefits and how to implement it in applications.",[1034,1008],"2022-11-27",{"path":1185,"title":1186,"description":1187,"categories":1188,"draft":1010,"year":1189,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgo-in-memory-cache","Building In-Memory Cache in Go","Learn about in-memory caching in Golang, it's benefits and how to implement it with and without generics with a TTL(expiry).",[1034,1008],"2024-03-28",{"path":1191,"title":1192,"description":1193,"categories":1194,"draft":1010,"year":1195,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgo-makefile","Ultimate Makefile for Golang","Boost your productivity and save time with ultimate Makefile for Golang projects.",[1034,1008],"2024-06-10",{"path":1197,"title":1198,"description":1199,"categories":1200,"draft":1010,"year":1201,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgo-middleware","Mastering Middlewares in Golang","Learn about middlewares, their use cases and how to implement them in Golang applications",[1034,1008],"2022-03-13",{"path":1203,"title":1204,"description":1205,"categories":1206,"draft":1010,"year":1208,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgo-naming-conventions","Naming Conventions in Golang","Why naming conventions matter in Go, with best practices and practical examples for clear, readable, maintainable code.",[1034,1008,1207],"Code Quality","2023-05-19",{"path":1210,"title":1211,"description":1212,"categories":1213,"draft":1010,"year":1214,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgo-with-redis","Go with Redis","A practical introduction to using Redis with Golang to make your applications faster with in-memory data storage.",[1034,1007,1008],"2020-05-03",{"path":1216,"title":1217,"description":1218,"categories":1219,"draft":1010,"year":1220,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fgolang-maps","Learn Maps in Golang (with examples)","A complete guide to maps in Golang: creating maps, adding and removing items, iterating, and how map equality works.",[1034,1008],"2020-09-10",{"path":1222,"title":1223,"description":1224,"categories":1225,"draft":1010,"year":1226,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fguide-to-cdn","Guide to Content Delivery Network","CDN is one of the backbone of modern world internet infrastructure. Learn about Content Delivery Network, it's working, types and benefits.",[1058,1008],"2022-01-23",{"path":1228,"title":1229,"description":1230,"categories":1231,"draft":1010,"year":1232,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fguide-to-rule-engines","Guide to Rule Engines","Rule Engines help in solving changing business requirements with ease. Learn all about Rule engines, it's working, benefits and how to implement one in Golang",[1034,1008],"2022-09-12",{"path":1234,"title":1235,"description":1236,"categories":1237,"draft":1010,"year":1238,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fhexagonal-architecture","Guide to Hexagonal Architecture","Learn how to design efficient application with hexagonal architecture with practical example",[1058,1008],"2020-12-13",{"path":1240,"title":1241,"description":1242,"categories":1243,"draft":1010,"year":1244,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fhttp-status-codes","Learn HTTP Status Codes","A tour of HTTP response status codes, what each class means, and when to use which code in your applications.",[1050,1008],"2020-07-30",{"path":1246,"title":1247,"description":1248,"categories":1249,"draft":1010,"year":1250,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fintroduction-to-goroutines","Introduction to Goroutines","Understand the basics of concurrency and learn how to work with Goroutines in golang.",[1034,1008],"2021-04-10",{"path":1252,"title":1253,"description":1254,"categories":1255,"draft":1010,"year":1256,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fjson-in-postgres-with-golang","Storing JSON in Postgres with Golang","Learn how to store JSON objects in Postgres and how to implement it in Golang.",[1008,1007,1034],"2021-02-13",{"path":1258,"title":1259,"description":1260,"categories":1261,"draft":1010,"year":1262,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fjson-web-token","Complete Guide to JWT","JSON Web Tokens are a very compact way to carry information. Learn about JWTs in depth, from its structure to when to use it.",[1008,1050],"2021-11-20",{"path":1264,"title":1265,"description":1266,"categories":1267,"draft":1010,"year":1268,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Flearn-to-say-no","Learning to say No","Learn why it's important to say 'NO'. How it helps in increasing productivity and explore strategies for saying No",[1042,1041],"2022-04-09",{"path":1270,"title":1271,"description":1272,"categories":1273,"draft":1010,"year":1274,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Flearn-unlearn-relearn","Learn - Unlearn - Relearn","Unlearning things to learn new is the way to grow. Discover how to do that!",[1027,1042],"2020-09-25",{"path":1276,"title":1277,"description":1278,"categories":1279,"draft":1010,"year":1280,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Flinting-in-golang","Introduction to Linting in Go","Introduction to improving code quality using linting. Learn how to add linting in your Go projects.",[1034,1008],"2021-07-07",{"path":1282,"title":1283,"description":1284,"categories":1285,"draft":1010,"year":1286,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fload-balancing","Load Balancing 101","Complete guide on load balancers explaining the internal working and how does it help in making applications efficient.",[1058,1008],"2021-05-29",{"path":1288,"title":1289,"description":1290,"categories":1291,"draft":1010,"year":1292,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fmaking-decisions-the-right-way","Making Decisions: The right way","Decisions are hard! Learn how to make the right decisions always",[1027,1042],"2020-06-07",{"path":1294,"title":1295,"description":1296,"categories":1297,"draft":1010,"year":1299,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fmanage-logs-with-logrotate","Using Logrotate to manage logs","Learn how to use logrotate system utility to manage logs with example",[1298,1008],"Linux","2020-09-08",{"path":1301,"title":1302,"description":1303,"categories":1304,"draft":1010,"year":1305,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fmarshal-structs-golang","Marshal structs the right way: Golang","Why Golang marshals empty structs into your JSON instead of null, and how to marshal structs the right way.",[1034,1008],"2020-03-31",{"path":1307,"title":1308,"description":1309,"categories":1310,"draft":1010,"year":1311,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-almanack-naval","Book Notes : Almanack of Naval Ravikant","My notes\u002Fhighlights from Almanack of Naval Ravikant book by Eric Jorgenson",[1041,1042],"2020-10-17",{"path":1313,"title":1314,"description":1315,"categories":1316,"draft":1010,"year":1317,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-anything-you-want","Book Notes : Anything you want","My notes\u002Fhighlights from Anything you want book by Derek Sivers",[1041,1042],"2021-09-25",{"path":1319,"title":1320,"description":1321,"categories":1322,"draft":1010,"year":1324,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-getting-real","Book Notes : Getting Real","My notes and highlights from Getting Real by Jason Fried and David Heinemeier Hansson on building web applications.",[1041,1323],"Startups","2020-11-03",{"path":1326,"title":1327,"description":1328,"categories":1329,"draft":1010,"year":1330,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-hell-yeah-or-no","Book Notes : Hell Yeah or No","My notes\u002Fhighlights from Hell Yeah or No book by Derek Sivers",[1041,1042],"2020-09-16",{"path":1332,"title":1333,"description":1334,"categories":1335,"draft":1010,"year":1336,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-how-to-be-a-capitalist","Book Notes : How to Be a Capitalist Without Any Capital","My notes\u002Fhighlights from How to Be a Capitalist Without Any Capital by Nathan Latka",[1041,1323],"2020-01-07",{"path":1338,"title":1339,"description":1340,"categories":1341,"draft":1010,"year":1343,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-lean-b2b","Book Notes : Lean B2B","My notes and highlights from Lean B2B by Étienne Garbugli on assessing markets, building MVPs, and selling to businesses.",[1041,1342],"Entrepreneurship","2022-07-02",{"path":1345,"title":1346,"description":1347,"categories":1348,"draft":1010,"year":1350,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-lets-talk-money","Book Notes : Let's Talk Money","My notes and highlights from Let's Talk Money by Monica Halan on managing personal finances and savings.",[1041,1349],"Personal Finance","2021-02-26",{"path":1352,"title":1353,"description":1354,"categories":1355,"draft":1010,"year":1356,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-obviously-awesome","Book Notes : Obviously Awesome","My notes and highlights from Obviously Awesome by April Dunford on product positioning and marketing strategy.",[1041,1323],"2020-04-26",{"path":1358,"title":1359,"description":1360,"categories":1361,"draft":1010,"year":1363,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-refactoring-ui","Book Notes: Refactoring UI","My notes and highlights from Refactoring UI by Adam Wathan and Steve Schoger, full of practical design tips for engineers.",[1041,1362],"Design","2020-05-09",{"path":1365,"title":1366,"description":1367,"categories":1368,"draft":1010,"year":1369,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fnotes-rework","Book Notes: Rework","My notes and highlights from Rework by Jason Fried and David Heinemeier Hansson on a better way to succeed in business.",[1041,1323],"2021-04-14",{"path":1371,"title":1372,"description":1373,"categories":1374,"draft":1010,"year":1376,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fone-on-one-meetings","Guide to Effective 1:1 Meetings","One on One meetings are important for your personal & professional growth. Learn how to master 1:1s with your manager and peers.",[1375,1027],"Career","2023-03-05",{"path":1378,"title":1379,"description":1380,"categories":1381,"draft":1010,"year":1382,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fpersonal-okrs","Personal OKRs for Success","Why one should set personal OKRs and how to achieve success with them",[1027,1042],"2020-06-27",{"path":1384,"title":1385,"description":1386,"categories":1387,"draft":1010,"year":1389,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fpoker-tips","Poker Tips: Johns Hopkins Poker Class","Notes from Johns Hopkins poker course. This guide will help you improve in Poker and win some large pots.",[1042,1388],"Poker","2020-06-13",{"path":1391,"title":1392,"description":1393,"categories":1394,"draft":1010,"year":1395,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fpomodoro","Get work done: The Pomo Way","Learn to focus and get productive by following the Pomodoro Technique",[1027],"2020-10-24",{"path":1016,"title":5,"description":1009,"categories":1397,"draft":1010,"year":1019,"series":6},[1007,1008],{"path":1399,"title":1400,"description":1401,"categories":1402,"draft":1010,"year":1403,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fppf-explained","PPF Explained","Learn basics about Public Provident Fund and why you should invest",[1042,1349],"2020-12-24",{"path":1405,"title":1406,"description":1407,"categories":1408,"draft":1010,"year":1409,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fproductivity-chrome-extensions","Boost Productivity with Chrome Extensions","Utitizing chrome extensions to boost your productivity!",[1027,1051,1050],"2020-04-24",{"path":1411,"title":1412,"description":1413,"categories":1414,"draft":1010,"year":1415,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fproductivity-in-vscode","Improve your productivity with VS Code","Key VS Code features like the integrated terminal, shortcuts, and extensions that improved my everyday productivity.",[1027,1008],"2020-03-12",{"path":1417,"title":1418,"description":1419,"categories":1420,"draft":1010,"year":1421,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Freading-101","Improving Reading 101","Why reading matters, how to build a reading habit, and what to read next - from my own journey into books.",[1041,1042],"2020-04-04",{"path":1423,"title":1424,"description":1425,"categories":1426,"draft":1010,"year":1427,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Freverse-proxy","Understanding Reverse Proxy","Learn about reverse proxy, how it is different from forward proxy and explore advantages of using it in system design.",[1058,1008],"2021-10-03",{"path":1429,"title":1430,"description":1431,"categories":1432,"draft":1010,"year":1433,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Frunning-periodic-background-task-golang","Running periodic background tasks in Golang","How to run periodic background tasks in Golang by combining cron-style scheduling with background execution.",[1034,1008],"2019-11-21",{"path":1435,"title":1436,"description":1437,"categories":1438,"draft":1010,"year":1439,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fsessions-in-golang","Sessions using Golang and Redis","How cookies and sessions work, and how to implement persistent login sessions in Golang using Redis.",[1034,1007,1008],"2020-02-25",{"path":1441,"title":1442,"description":1443,"categories":1444,"draft":1010,"year":1445,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fsolid-dry-kiss-yagni","Solid Dry Kiss Yagni","An introduction to the SOLID, DRY, KISS, and YAGNI principles and how they help you write cleaner, robust code.",[1065],"2020-07-17",{"path":1447,"title":1448,"description":1449,"categories":1450,"draft":1010,"year":1451,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fstack-in-golang","Implement Stack in Golang","Learn how to implement stack data structure in Golang (Full code)",[1034,1008],"2020-09-14",{"path":1453,"title":1454,"description":1455,"categories":1456,"draft":1010,"year":1457,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fstart-oss-today","Start your Open Source journey today","Start your OSS journey with intro to GIT. Participate in Hacktoberfest!",[1152,1008],"2020-09-19",{"path":1459,"title":1460,"description":1461,"categories":1462,"draft":1010,"year":1464,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fsticky-social-bar","Sticky social share component in HTML","Learn how to build a social media sharing component in HTML and add it to your website.",[1008,1463],"Frontend","2021-02-05",{"path":1466,"title":1467,"description":1468,"categories":1469,"draft":1010,"year":1470,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fterm-insurance","Term insurance Simplified","Everything you need to know before you buy a term insurance.",[1042,1349],"2020-11-29",{"path":1472,"title":1473,"description":1474,"categories":1475,"draft":1010,"year":1477,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fterminal-output-with-redirection","Handling terminal outputs with Redirection","Learn how to handle terminal outputs with Redirection and saving it to files",[1298,1476,1008],"Terminal","2020-09-06",{"path":1479,"title":1480,"description":1481,"categories":1482,"draft":1010,"year":1483,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fthink-and-grow-rich","Book Notes: Think and Grow Rich","My notes and highlights from Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, covering its process for building wealth.",[1041,1042],"2020-05-19",{"path":1485,"title":1486,"description":1487,"categories":1488,"draft":1010,"year":1489,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Ftransactions-postgres-golang","Transactions on Postgres with Golang","Performing Postgres database operations in Golang with GORM, from basic queries to full transaction support.",[1034,1007,1008],"2020-03-18",{"path":1491,"title":1492,"description":1493,"categories":1494,"draft":1010,"year":1495,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fwaitgroups-in-golang","WaitGroups in Golang","Learn about WaitGroups in golang and how to use them to perform concurrent operations without blocking the main thread.",[1034,1008],"2022-05-31",{"path":1497,"title":1498,"description":1499,"categories":1500,"draft":1010,"year":1502,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-i-use","What I Use: Products and Softwares","List of what I use in my day to day life ranging from terminal, editors, softwares, devices to accessories",[1042,1501],"Tech","2024-06-01",{"path":1504,"title":1505,"description":1506,"categories":1507,"draft":1010,"year":1508,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fyear-in-review-2020","Year in Review: 2020","It's a wrap! 2020 was a crazy year, See how my year went!",[1042],"2020-12-31",{"path":1510,"title":1511,"description":1512,"categories":1513,"draft":1010,"year":1514,"series":6},"\u002Fblog\u002Fyear-in-review-2021","Year in Review: 2021","It's a wrap! 2021 was a mixed bag, full of ups and downs. Key Goal for 2022: Start now!",[1042],"2021-12-31",1788773187810]